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female-controlled methods to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted
INTRODUCTION TO HIV / AIDS:
HIV / AIDS is a disease that can spread from one person to another.
is a disease that can cause loss of life itself and many other things
AIDS sexual transmission of HIV
When HIV / AIDS patients have sex with WHO has not been without using safety clear that the virus can be transmitted to another person because of sex, will certainly contact with blood.
HIV / AIDS Sexually transmitted without
When HIV / AIDS patients with sharp objects that consume their blood and give it to another without known disease probably transmitted.
few ways that women can do to prevent HIV / AIDS. listed below
Controlled by the methods of women to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases
"If the assassination of this pandemic has taught us anything, it's terrible vulnerability of women. I feel I must say that the most wholesale failure of the international response to HIV / AIDS, unable to intervene, dramatically, on behalf of women. "
– Stephen Lewis Special Envoy for HIV / AIDS in Africa
at the Third Conference of the International AIDS Society
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, July 2005
HIV are women and girls that affect more and more. In sub-Saharan Africa, where almost two thirds of people infected with HIV, women are 1.3 times more likely to be infected than young women aged between 15 and 24 MEN1 have a greater risk. They are three times more likely to be infected than young men in this age group which represents about three-quarters of young people who are HIV positive in Africa Saharan Africa.2 These alarming statistics highlight the tremendous need for female-controlled methods of HIV prevention, including condoms women, microbicides and the diaphragm.
The present method: The female condom
The female condom is the only method initiated by the woman who is known to be safe and effective in reducing the risk of pregnancy and the transmission of infections and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In addition, laboratory studies have shown that the female condom blocks the passage of microorganisms, including HIV. The design of condom offer women greater protection to women than the male condom because the outer ring partially covers the external genitalia. The female condom covers the vaginal area, they may offer more protection than the diaphragm, the sponge or cervical cap, which covers the cervix. Studies in different countries and cultures showed that 50-93 percent of male and female participants found the female condom is acceptable. For example, three quarters of the United States and Latin America women participating in a study of six months of contraception said they liked the condom female and half said they would continue using it.3 most common complaints about the female condom – the aesthetic the difficulty of inserting and noise – usually disappear with repeated use. However, condoms are being developed New to address these concerns and may also be less expensive.
New methods will be tested: microbicides
Microbicides are a promising method controlled by women in development. Microbicides are substances designed to reduce transmission HIV and / or other STIs when applied vaginally and may come in a variety of forms, including gels, creams, films, suppositories or vaginal rings. Microbicides usually work through one or more of the following ways: 1) strengthen the natural defenses the body against infection, 2) damage to the surface membrane of pathogens (infectious agents) makes inefficient, 3) binding to a pathogen or a healthy cell before being invaded by an infectious agent, and / or 4) prevents viruses multiply in a cell.
Currently, there more than 60 substances that are considered as potential microbicides. Due to different modes of action, some microbicides reduce the risk of pregnancy and STIs, including HIV, while others only prevents infection. Therefore, women who want to be able to design to protect against the disease. Five microbicides are currently in phase III, the final phase of testing, which will determine how much they reduce the risk of infection HIV and security level are long-term, continuous progress use.4 in these trials, a microbicide could be available within next five to seven years.
It is estimated that the first microbicides are 50-60 percent effective in preventing HIV – much less than the rate of 90-95 per cent efficiency condom. However, microbicides offer an important alternative in situations where condom use is impossible. For example, if only 20 percent of people with HIV risk used a microbicide that is 60 percent effective in protecting against transmission of HIV, 2.5 million infections could be averted over three years.5 More than 60 studies have been conducted in developed countries and developing countries to determine characteristics of acceptable microbicides. In general, the results show that interest in microbicides is greater in areas where women receive HIV risk is higher. In addition, these studies highlight the need for a variety of products to meet the range of needs consumers a diverse population.
An old method with a new potential: Diaphragm
For thousands of years, Women have used various forms of cervical barriers for reproductive health. Women in ancient times used feces crocodile, lime halves and caps beeswax to prevent pregnancy. Developed in the 19th century and widely used in the years 1930, contraceptive diaphragms today are made of latex or silicone and are up 94 percent effective in preventing pregnancy when used with spermicide.
Overall, a low percentage of women using contraception to choose the diaphragm. However, studies in the last decade shows that despite the low usage rate is very acceptable form of contraception for women in a number of countries. The research by Bulut et al. Colombia, Turkey and the Philippines found that women liked the diaphragm, as it was safe and without side effects and because it was controlled by women. For example, a focus group said: "I like it because I can handle. No need to ask my husband. I responsible. "6
This conclusion is supported by another study in Madras, India, showing that participants were motivated to use diaphragm and able to overcome difficulties such as lack of privacy and lack of support from their values women husbands.7 diaphragm more than the absence of negative health consequences has experimented with the pill and the intrauterine device (IUD), abdominal pain, nausea and headaches. New Research is now re-examine the membrane as a possible alternative for women to protect themselves from HIV and STIs for several reasons. Firstly, data Recent studies suggest that the surface of the cervix contains a high concentration of sensitive cells to HIV, which causes increased vulnerability to infection by HIV. Second, compared to investment thicker cells in the vagina, the cervix is more vulnerable, covered by a single layer sensitive cells. Therefore, it is biologically more vulnerable to injury, and therefore of STI / HIV, other areas of the reproductive system. Thirdly, research shows that the cervix is the preferential site infection for many STIs, and the presence of STIs increases the risk transmission of HIV, and vice versa. Finally, to protect the neck of uterus, the diaphragm may also reduce transmission of STI / HIV in the genital tract upper (uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries).
In addition, observational studies have shown that diaphragm use is associated with a reduced risk of sexually transmitted diseases and other long-term effects.8, for example, three studies showed that diaphragm users have a reduced risk of gonorrhea compared to women not using the diaphragm. Two other studies show a lower risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (due to infections sexually transmitted diseases) in the diaphragm users compared to nonusers. However, because the purpose of these studies was to test the effectiveness of the membrane for the prevention of STIs, and none were randomized controlled trials, research directly examining this question must first be made. Also, in these previous studies, the membranes were used with the spermicide nonoxynol-9, which is no longer recommended for women at risk of contracting HIV, as has been found to increase susceptibility to infection.9 Therefore, more data on the diaphragm – Used alone or in combination with a microbicide – Is necessary.
Before starting a performance test, the first step was to examine the acceptability of the diaphragm as a potential STI / method HIV prevention. In a recent study in Zimbabwe, among 189 women aged 16-46 who were inconsistent condom users, the diaphragm in combination with a lubricant has been well accepted. Absorption was high, with 98 percent using the method at least once during the months.10 first two conclusions (see table) also showed that women who reported that the membrane easier to use than condoms were three times more likely to be consistent diaphragm users. Women whose partners never knew when you use the diaphragm or whose partners have always knew when you use the diaphragm were more likely to conform to users than women whose partners knew sometimes. Therefore, woman can use discreetly or secretly diaphragm (measured by a partner not knowing when the diaphragm is used) or completely open was strongly associated with the routine use of the method.
With the confidence that women are willing to use the diaphragm in an area high prevalence of HIV, the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) is conducting a Phase III trial to determine if diaphragm is used with a lubricating gel can protect women against STIs / HIV. The study, methods to improve reproductive health in Africa (MIRA), has begun in 2003 and is being conducted in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Registration is almost complete and results are expected in 2007.
In collaboration with MIRA partners, Ibis Reproductive Health is the leader of the lobbying effort to research on membranes and cervical barrier methods. In 2004, the Society Promoting the cervical barrier (ABC) was created to increase the visibility of cervical barriers and provide a focal point for Information and Resources for the media, organizations and individuals interested in learning more about cervical barrier methods.
Awareness about the methods controlled by women
Women especially need to have as many options as possible at their disposal to protect themselves from infection and reduce the progression of the HIV pandemic. innovative education and strategic marketing and distribution strategies increase the demand for access and use of condoms women in the world. The community has mobilized Microbicides resources for research and promotion efforts to ensure that, when available, women have access to a reliable microbicide. Researchers are also take a new aspect of the membrane to determine whether women may reduce risk of HIV infection. As women are increasingly affected by the pandemic HIV, the health of the international community should focus their energies and resources to ensure that women around the world have so many tools as possible in their power to protect their health.
For more information Ibis, visit target = "_blank"> www.ibisreproductivehealth.org
For more information on cervical barriers, visit target = "_blank"> www.cervicalbarriers.org
References
1 UNAIDS. The AIDS epidemic: December 2004.
2 Ibid.
3 Farr, G Gabelnick, HL, Sturges, K Dorflinger, LL. Contraceptive efficacy and acceptability of female condoms. From American Journal of Public Health, 1994.
4 Information Reports. Microbicides: new possibilities for protection. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center Communication Programs, 2005.
5 Public Health Working Group of the Microbicide Initiative. The public health benefits of microbicides in lower-income: estimates from simulations. The Initiative of the Rockefeller Foundation Microbicides, 2002.
6 Bulut A et al. Evaluation of the acceptability of services and use requirements Effective diaphragm in Colombia, the Philippines and Turkey, contraception. Contraception 63 (5), 2001.
7 Ravindran, TKS. Is the diaphragm a method contraception for low-income women: A study of user perspectives, Madras, India. In: Ravindran TKS., Berer, M. and Cottingham, J., eds. Beyond acceptability; Users' Perspectives on Contraception, London: Blackwell, 1997.
8 Moench T, Chipata, T, Padian, N. Preventing disease by protecting the uterus: The unexplored promise of internal vaginal barrier devices. AIDS, 2001.
9 Consultation WHO / CONRAD Technical nonoxynol-9. WHO, Geneva, 9-10 October 2001. Synthesis Report. World Health Organization, 2003.
10 Van der Straten A et al. Predictors use the diaphragm as a potential sexually transmitted diseases or HIV prevention method in Zimbabwe. Sexually transmitted diseases, 2005.
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